Nara sumber: Agus Triarso
agus3arso@yahoo.com
Procedures Media Development
Saat ini Semua orang mengenal teknologi 3G tetapi tahukah anda sejarah teknologi 3G, Ada pun perkembangan teknologi nirkabel dapat dirangkum sebagai berikut:
Antara generasi kedua dan generasi ke-3, sering disisipkan Generasi 2,5, yaitu digital, kecepatan menengah (hingga 150 Kbps). Teknologi yang masuk kategori 2,5G adalah layanan berbasis data seperti GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) & EDGE (Enhance Data rate for GSM Evolution) pada domain GSM dan PDN (Packet Data Network) pada domain CDMA.
Secara umum, ITU-T, sebagaimana dikutip oleh FCC mendefinisikan 3G sebagai sebuah solusi nirkabel yang bisa memberikan kecepatan akses:
Pada saat ini ada dua cabang dari pengembangan 3G, yaitu dari sisi GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)yang dipelopori oleh 3G Partnership Project dan CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) yang dipelopori oleh 3G Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2). Kedua teknologi tidak kompatibel dan sesungguhnya saling berkompetisi.
Salah satu alasan mengapa layanan 3G dapat memberikan throughput yang lebih besar adalah karena penggunaan teknologi spektrum tersebar yang memungkinkan data masukan yang hendak ditransimisikan disebar di seluruh spektrum frekuensi. Selain mendapatkan pita lebar yang lebih besar, layanan berbasis spektrum tersebar jauh lebih aman daripada timeslot dan/atau frequency slot.
Jaringan 3G tidak merupakan upgrade dari 2G; operator 2G yang berafiliasi dengan 3GPP perlu untuk mengganti banyak komponen untuk bisa memberikan layanan 3G. Sedangkan operator 2G yang berafiliasi dengan teknologi 3GPP2 lebih mudah dalam upgrade ke 3G karena berbagai network element nya sudah didesain untuk ke arah layanan nirkabel pita lebar (broadband wireless). Layanan 3G juga telah digembar-gemborkan namun pada kenyataannya, banyak ditemui kegagalan. Negara Jepang dan Korea Selatan adalah contoh dimana layanan 3G berhasil. Hal ini sangat mungkin disebabkan oleh faktor:
Jaringan Telepon Telekomunikasi selular telah meningkat menuju penggunaan layanan 3G dari 1999 hingga 2010. Jepang adalah negara pertama yang memperkenalkan 3G secara nasional dan transisi menuju 3G di Jepang sudah dicapai pada tahun 2006. Setelah itu Korea menjadi pengadopsi jaringan 3G pertama dan transisi telah dicapai pada awal tahun 2004, memimpin dunia dalam bidang telekomunikasi.
Operator dan jaringan UMTS Pada tahun 2005, evolusi jaringan 3G sedang dijalankan untuk beberapa tahun dikarenakan kapasitas yang terbatas dari jaringan 2G yang ada. Jaringan 2G diciptakan dengan tujuan utama adalah data suara dan transmisi yang lambat. Dikarenakan cepatnya arus perubahan pada permintaan pengguna, kebutuhan akan nirkabel mereka tidak terpenuhi.
"2.5G" (Dan juga 2,75G) adalah teknologi seperti pelayanan data i-mode, telepon berkamera, pertukaran rangkaian data berkecepatan tinggi (atau disebut juga High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data atau disingkat HSCSD) dan Pelayanan paket radio umum (atau dikenal dengan General Packet Radio Service atau GPRS)diciptakan untuk menyediakan beberapa funsi utama seperti jaringan 3G, tapi tanpa transisi penuh ke jaringan 3G. Pelayanan-Pelayanan ini diciptakan untuk memperkenalkan kemungkinan dari penerapan teknologi nirkabel untuk pengguna dan penigkatan permintaan untuk pelayanan 3G.(sumber wikipedia)
Beberapa komputer dengan spec berikut ditawarkan online: (klik link berikut)
Komputer HighEnd
http://www.jual-beli.com/PC-HighEnd-Murah---baru-pakai-2-bulan-,iklan_baris,155849,id,iklan
Komputer Warnet
http://semarang.olx.co.id/dijual-komputer-spec-lebih-tinggi-dari-warnet-xyz-chasing-sama-dengan-xyz-area-semarang-iid-33123373
Pada setiap foto digital selalu tertera besarnya pixel image yg bisa ditangkap. Pada kamera digital tertera 1.2 Megapixel berarti resolusi image yg dihasilkan adalah 1280px (w) x 960px (h) = 1,228,800 pixel. Semakin besar resolusi diharapkan semakin detil gambar dapat dihasilkan.
Tapi tentu saja kualitas gambar digital yg dihasilkan tidak melulu dari resolusi ini. Ada beberapa aspek lain yg ikut berpengaruh di antaranya:
1. Kualitas lensa (indek bias bahan, fokus, cacat lensa dll)
2. Kecepatan menangkap gambar (kecepatan memproses gambar)
3. Kedalaman warna (color depth)
Resolusi ini juga berpengaruh jika gambar digital akan ditampilkan atau akan dicetak.
Untuk gambar digital yg mau disajikan di layar (screen atau internet) maka resolusi yg baik minimal 72 pixel per inch. Sedangkan jika ingin dicetak maka perlu resolusi lebih tinggi. Minimal untuk kualitas cetak diperlukan 300px per inch. Ini untuk mengkompensasi kebutuhan printer yg biasanya butuh sampai 2400 dpi (dot per inch) untuk dapat mencetak kualitas foto.
Download teori lengkap di sini: Digital Image Quality
Port adalah gerbang yg menghubungkan komputer dengan berbagai peralatan (periperal). Masing-masing periperal mempunyai port tertentu sehingga harus ditancapkan ke komputer sesuai dengan portnya. Port yg paling banyak dipakai untuk berbagai periperal adalah USB (Universal Serial Bus). Keyboard, mouse, printer dulunya mempunyai port khusus. Namun sekarang semuanya menyediakan port USB. Versi yg umum adalah USB 2.0 dan saat ini sudah muncul generasi USB 3.0 yg lebih cepat meski strukturnya berbeda.
Kenali jenis port dan posisinya sebelum mencolokkannya ke komputer. Kalau salah colok membuat perangkat tidak bisa tersambung atau malah rusak karena putusnya kaki-kaki pin.
Untuk mengatasi perbedaan port sekarang telah disediakan connector antar port yg berbeda. Contohnya gambar di atas adalah serial port diubah ke port USB.
Ada juga cara lain untuk mengkoneksi perangkat ke komputer yaitu dengan perangkat wireless atau tanpa kabel. Biasanya yg paling sering digunakan adalah jenis Bluetooth. Kamera, webcam, handphone dan berbagai perangkat lain (konon Printer dan LCD projector jg sudah) sudah dapat terkoneksi mengunkan perangkat bluetooth ini.
Perangkat keras pada CPU (Central Processing Unit)
SMA Kelas XII smt 2
Standar Kompetensi: Menggunakan perangkat lunak pembuat grafis
Kompetensi Dasar: Membuat grafis dengan berbagai variasi warna, bentuk dan ukuran
Betapa tidak menariknya jika dunia kita hanya punya 2 Dimensi
Caranya:Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?
1 Hardware conflict
The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.
If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.
Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).
When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.
2 Bad Ram
Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.
One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.
Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.
3 BIOS settings
Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).
4 Hard disk drives
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter
This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).
Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.
Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.
5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors
Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings
Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.
If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager
Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.
If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.
The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics
Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).
Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.
6 Viruses
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.
A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.
An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).
7 Printers
The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.
Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.
If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.
8 Software
A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.
The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.
Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org
Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.
Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.
Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.
Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.
9 Overheating
Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.
One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com
CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.
10 Power supply problems
With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.
If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.
It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.
Kelompok Kecakapan Hidup:
PPMI Assalaam, 24-25 Oktober 2007
Permasalahan-permasalahan di kelas:
Perangkat pembelajaran:
• Buku komputer untuk MA dan SMA belum siap. LKS tidak ada.
• Lab digunakan untuk seluruh unit di Assalaam. Banyak komputer rusak (kurang sarana lab)
• Meski sudah dijadwal sering bentrok
• Ngantuk tidak ada di lab komputer mereka terlalu asyik dgn komputer Yg jadi masalah adalah kurang fokusnya pada pelajaran.
SDM:
• Tidak adanya teknisi komputer
• Tidak adanya asisten lab komputer
Usulan-usulan:
1. Agar jam mengajar pelajaran juga diatur sedemikian hingga tidak terjadi bentrok jadwal mengajar guru antar unit
2. Adakan LCD Projector di semua lab komputer
3. Agar lab disiapkan (dirawat) oleh laboran lebih baik. Ini berarti butuh teknisi komputer dan administrator jaringan (LAN Administrator).
4. Alangkah indahnya jika ada asisten lab komputer yg standby setiap hari di Lab Komputer (lihat model kursus komputer di luar)
Tukar pengalaman:
Beberapa rumusan model pembelajaran yg relevan di pondok
• Penggunaan methode CTL Contextual Learning disesuaikan dengan pondok
• Bikin permainan outdoor. Gunakan taman di luar kelas.
• Bikin folder hasil kerja santri tiap smester (porto folio)
• Buat pertanyaan dan jawaban dikoreksi langsung di kelas secara rutin
• Pembelajaran dengan membuat sebuah project real yg penyelesaiannya mengunakan komputer
Alamat software Text to Speech buat orang buta yg ingin menggunkan komputer atau internet.
http://www.text-to-speech-software.com/
www.nextuptech.com
http://nextup.com/TextAloud/speech-synthesis.html
www.shambles.net/pages/staff/textspeech
www.surfpack.com/software/texttranslation
http://people.debian.org/~mlang/a11y/software.en.html
Contoh salah satu softwarenya adalah Connect OutLoud
http://www.msprojectstart.org/blind%20software.htm#browsers
Connect Outloud is designed for the beginning to experienced blind or low vision computer user to access the Internet through speech and Braille output.
This software is based on our popular JAWS® for Windows technology and offers additional access to the Windows XP operating system.
Yang ini JAWS
Kabarnya ada SLB A di Bandung yg telah beli. Harganya muahall...
JAWS Professional US$1,095
JAWS Standart US$895
Kalau mau coba dulu bisa dapat Free software demonya, cuma bisa 45 menit trus harus reboot komputer.
Resource Link
Komunitas eLearning Gratis Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi Indonesia
http://ilmukomputer.com/
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